<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">[[file:anes2008-12.csv.xls]]
I have no idea what's going on here! There's nothing to see or read! Ask someone in your group or find a time to come meet with me if you want to get caught up; based on this, I have no way of knowing if you've been following any of the material!
R version 2.15.1 (2012-06-22) -- "Roasted Marshmallows" Copyright (C) 2012 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing ISBN 3-900051-07-0 Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin9.8.0/x86_64 (64-bit) R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details. Natural language support but running in an English locale R is a collaborative project with many contributors. Type 'contributors()' for more information and 'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications. Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or 'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help. Type 'q()' to quit R. [Workspace loaded from ~/Mid Term/.RData] > View(anes2008.1.csv) > View(anes2008.1.csv) > View(anes2008.1.csv) > (nes$education) Error: object 'nes' not found > (nes$bigbiz) Error: object 'nes' not found > View(anes2008.1.csv) > nes <- read.csv("anes2008.csv") Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection In addition: Warning message: In file(file, "rt") : cannot open file 'anes2008.csv': No such file or directory > In RStudio, you'll know it worked if “nes” pops up in your “Workspace” area. In plain R, it's less obvious. You can find the data editor in the drop-down menu at the time, or to check what's in your workspace, just type: Error: unexpected symbol in "In RStudio" > > ls() [1] "anes2008.1.csv" > ## [1] "nes" > Now, to begin, let's summarize the variable respondents' “education” in our dataframe “nes”. It's a factor (or categorical) variable, so it displays frequencies within each factor rather than mean, median, etc. Error: unexpected ',' in "Now," > > summary(nes$education) Error in summary(nes$education) : object 'nes' not found > ## 0. No degree earned > ## 460 > ## 1. Bachelor's degree > ## 333 > ## 2. Master's degree > ## 121 > ## 3. PhD, LIT, SCD, DFA, DLIT, DPH, DPHIL, JSC, SJD > ## 16 > ## 4. LLB, JD > ## 5 > ## 5. MD, DDS, DVM, MVSA, DSC, DO > ## 8 > ## 6. JDC, STD, THD > ## 2 > ## 7. Associate degree (AA) > ## 260 > ## NA's > ## 1117 > But the feeling thermometer for attitude toward big business, the variable “bigbiz” in our dataframe “nes”, is numeric, so we do get mean, median, mode, etc. Error: unexpected symbol in "But the" > > summary(nes$bigbiz) Error in summary(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's > ## 0.0 40.0 50.0 55.3 70.0 100.0 259 > Get the standard deviation also. Error: unexpected symbol in "Get the" > > sd(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) Error in sd(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > ## [1] 22.58 > Visualize the whole distribution of attitudes toward big business by generating a boxplot. Error: unexpected symbol in "Visualize the" > > boxplot(nes$bigbiz) Error in boxplot(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > > > Alternatively, visualize this distribution using a histogram. Error: unexpected ',' in "Alternatively," > > hist(nes$bigbiz) Error in hist(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > > > Alternatively alternatively, visualize the distribution using a kernel density plot. Error: unexpected symbol in "Alternatively alternatively" > > plot(density(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE)) Error in density(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > > > Perhaps most usefully and definitely most attractively, let's use juxtaposed violin plots to compare how people feel about poor people to how they feel about people on welfare. Error: unexpected symbol in "Perhaps most" > > library(wvioplot) Error in library(wvioplot) : there is no package called ‘wvioplot’ > ## Loading required package: Hmisc > ## Loading required package: survival > ## Loading required package: splines > ## Hmisc library by Frank E Harrell Jr > ## > ## Type library(help='Hmisc'), ?Overview, or ?Hmisc.Overview') to see overall > ## documentation. > ## > ## NOTE:Hmisc no longer redefines [.factor to drop unused levels when > ## subsetting. To get the old behavior of Hmisc type dropUnusedLevels(). > ## Attaching package: 'Hmisc' > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:survival': > ## > ## untangle.specials > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:base': > ## > ## format.pval, round.POSIXt, trunc.POSIXt, units > par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) #these are graphical parameters for 1 row, 2 columns > wvioplot(nes$poorppl, col = "magenta", names = "Poor People") #violin plot Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > wvioplot(nes$welfareppl, col = "cyan", names = "People on Welfare") #violin plot Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > > > Now, let's explore the relationship between two variables. As an easy example, there are obvious reasons we might expect there to be a positive relationship between feelings toward Christians and Christian fundamentalists. If someone really likes Christians in general, they probably feel warmer toward Christian fundamentalists than those who have cold feelings toward Christians in general. We generate the correlation coefficient, r, with Error: unexpected ',' in "Now," > > cor(nes$christians, nes$cfundamentals, use = "complete.obs") Error in is.data.frame(y) : object 'nes' not found > ## [1] 0.5477 > We see there is a positive correlation, although it's not extremely strong. We have better tools for deciding what's a systematic relationship and what's just random noise, but the little r isn't one of them. All we can say is that, yea, sure, the variation of one variable moves somewhat in the same direction as the other variable… but we can't say too much more than that. Not yet… Error: unexpected symbol in "We see" > > Now we load the package “car”, which you'll need to install if you haven't already. This package let's us make a real fancy scatterplot to visualize the correlation. We'll learn more about what's going on here later… Error: unexpected symbol in "Now we" > > library(car) Error in library(car) : there is no package called ‘car’ > ## Warning: package 'car' was built under R version 2.15.1 > ## Loading required package: MASS > ## Loading required package: nnet > ## Attaching package: 'car' > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:Hmisc': > ## > ## recode > scatterplot(nes$christians, nes$cfundamentals) Error: could not find function "scatterplot" > > nes <- read.csv("anes2008.csv") Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection In addition: Warning message: In file(file, "rt") : cannot open file 'anes2008.csv': No such file or directory > ls() [1] "anes2008.1.csv" > summary(nes$age) Error in summary(nes$age) : object 'nes' not found > summary(nes$enviornmentalists) Error in summary(nes$enviornmentalists) : object 'nes' not found > sd(nes$enviornmentalists, na.rm = TRUE) Error in sd(nes$enviornmentalists, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > boxplot(nes$enviornmentalists) Error in boxplot(nes$enviornmentalists) : object 'nes' not found > library(wvioplot) Error in library(wvioplot) : there is no package called ‘wvioplot’ > par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) > > wvioplot(nes$blacks, col="magenta", names="Blacks") Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > wvioplot(nes$whiteppl., col="green", names="White People") Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > cor(nes$muslims, nes$atheists, use="complete.obs") Error in is.data.frame(y) : object 'nes' not found > install.packages("car") Installing package(s) into ‘/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/2.15/Resources/library’ (as ‘lib’ is unspecified) --- Please select a CRAN mirror for use in this session --- CRAN mirror 1: Argentina (La Plata) 2: Argentina (Mendoza) 3: Australia (Canberra) 4: Australia (Melbourne) 5: Austria 6: Belgium 7: Brazil (PR) 8: Brazil (RJ) 9: Brazil (SP 1) 10: Brazil (SP 2) 11: Canada (BC) 12: Canada (NS) 13: Canada (ON) 14: Canada (QC 1) 15: Canada (QC 2) 16: Chile 17: China (Beijing 1) 18: China (Beijing 2) 19: China (Beijing 3) 20: China (Guangzhou) 21: China (Hefei) 22: China (Xiamen) 23: Colombia (Bogota) 24: Colombia (Cali) 25: Denmark 26: Ecuador 27: France (Lyon 1) 28: France (Lyon 2) 29: Germany (Berlin) 30: Germany (Goettingen) 31: Greece 32: Hungary 33: India 34: Indonesia 35: Iran 36: Ireland 37: Italy (Milano) 38: Italy (Padua) 39: Italy (Palermo) 40: Japan (Hyogo) 41: Japan (Tsukuba) 42: Japan (Tokyo) 43: Korea 44: Latvia 45: Mexico (Mexico City) 46: Mexico (Texcoco) 47: Netherlands (Amsterdam) 48: Netherlands (Utrecht) 49: New Zealand 50: Norway 51: Philippines 52: Poland (Wroclaw) 53: Russia 54: Singapore 55: Slovakia 56: South Africa 57: Spain (Madrid) 58: Sweden 59: Switzerland 60: Taiwan (Taichung) 61: Taiwan (Taipei) 62: Thailand 63: UK (Bristol) 64: UK (London) 65: UK (St Andrews) 66: USA (CA 1) 67: USA (CA 2) 68: USA (IA) 69: USA (IN) 70: USA (KS) 71: USA (MI) 72: USA (MO) 73: USA (OH) 74: USA (OR) 75: USA (PA 1) 76: USA (PA 2) 77: USA (TN) 78: USA (TX 1) 79: USA (WA 1) 80: USA (WA 2) 81: Venezuela 82: Vietnam Selection: USA (PA 1) trying URL 'http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/bin/macosx/leopard/contrib/2.15/car_2.0-14.tgz' Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1049722 bytes (1.0 Mb) opened URL ================================================== downloaded 1.0 Mb The downloaded binary packages are in /var/folders/85/j33m9mj17232fjmnfh4tqpr40000gn/T//RtmpEQ9m9O/downloaded_packages > library(car) Loading required package: MASS Loading required package: nnet > scatterplot(nes$muslims, nes$atheists) Error in scatterplot(nes$muslims, nes$atheists) : object 'nes' not found
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">
nes</span> <span class="operator" style="color: #687687;"><-</span> <span class="identifier">read.csv</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="string" style="color: #036a07;">"anes2008.csv"</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">ls</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">()</span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## [1] "nes"</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">summary</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">education</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">summary</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">bigbiz</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## 0.0 40.0 50.0 55.3 70.0 100.0 259</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## [1] 22.58</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">boxplot</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">bigbiz</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">hist</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">bigbiz</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="keyword" style="color: #0000ff;">library</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">wvioplot</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Loading required package: Hmisc
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Loading required package: survival
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Loading required package: splines
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Hmisc library by Frank E Harrell Jr
##
## Type library(help='Hmisc'), ?Overview, or ?Hmisc.Overview') to see overall
## documentation.
##
## NOTE:Hmisc no longer redefines [.factor to drop unused levels when
## subsetting. To get the old behavior of Hmisc type dropUnusedLevels().
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Attaching package: 'Hmisc'
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:survival':
##
## untangle.specials
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:base':
##
## format.pval, round.POSIXt, trunc.POSIXt, units
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## [1] 0.5477</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="keyword" style="color: #0000ff;">library</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">car</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Warning: package 'car' was built under R version 2.15.1
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Loading required package: MASS
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Loading required package: nnet
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## Attaching package: 'car'
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;">## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:Hmisc':
##
## recode
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono','Droid Sans Mono','Lucida Console',Consolas,Monaco,monospace;"><span class="identifier">scatterplot</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">(</span><span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">christians</span>, <span class="identifier">nes</span><span class="operator" style="color: #687687;">$</span><span class="identifier">cfundamentals</span><span class="paren" style="color: #687687;">)</span></span></span>
R version 2.15.1 (2012-06-22) -- "Roasted Marshmallows" Copyright (C) 2012 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing ISBN 3-900051-07-0 Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin9.8.0/x86_64 (64-bit) R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details. Natural language support but running in an English locale R is a collaborative project with many contributors. Type 'contributors()' for more information and 'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications. Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or 'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help. Type 'q()' to quit R. [Workspace loaded from ~/Mid Term/.RData] > View(anes2008.1.csv) > View(anes2008.1.csv) > View(anes2008.1.csv) > (nes$education) Error: object 'nes' not found > (nes$bigbiz) Error: object 'nes' not found > View(anes2008.1.csv) > nes <- read.csv("anes2008.csv") Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection In addition: Warning message: In file(file, "rt") : cannot open file 'anes2008.csv': No such file or directory > In RStudio, you'll know it worked if “nes” pops up in your “Workspace” area. In plain R, it's less obvious. You can find the data editor in the drop-down menu at the time, or to check what's in your workspace, just type: Error: unexpected symbol in "In RStudio" > > ls() [1] "anes2008.1.csv" > ## [1] "nes" > Now, to begin, let's summarize the variable respondents' “education” in our dataframe “nes”. It's a factor (or categorical) variable, so it displays frequencies within each factor rather than mean, median, etc. Error: unexpected ',' in "Now," > > summary(nes$education) Error in summary(nes$education) : object 'nes' not found > ## 0. No degree earned > ## 460 > ## 1. Bachelor's degree > ## 333 > ## 2. Master's degree > ## 121 > ## 3. PhD, LIT, SCD, DFA, DLIT, DPH, DPHIL, JSC, SJD > ## 16 > ## 4. LLB, JD > ## 5 > ## 5. MD, DDS, DVM, MVSA, DSC, DO > ## 8 > ## 6. JDC, STD, THD > ## 2 > ## 7. Associate degree (AA) > ## 260 > ## NA's > ## 1117 > But the feeling thermometer for attitude toward big business, the variable “bigbiz” in our dataframe “nes”, is numeric, so we do get mean, median, mode, etc. Error: unexpected symbol in "But the" > > summary(nes$bigbiz) Error in summary(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's > ## 0.0 40.0 50.0 55.3 70.0 100.0 259 > Get the standard deviation also. Error: unexpected symbol in "Get the" > > sd(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) Error in sd(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > ## [1] 22.58 > Visualize the whole distribution of attitudes toward big business by generating a boxplot. Error: unexpected symbol in "Visualize the" > > boxplot(nes$bigbiz) Error in boxplot(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > > > Alternatively, visualize this distribution using a histogram. Error: unexpected ',' in "Alternatively," > > hist(nes$bigbiz) Error in hist(nes$bigbiz) : object 'nes' not found > > > Alternatively alternatively, visualize the distribution using a kernel density plot. Error: unexpected symbol in "Alternatively alternatively" > > plot(density(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE)) Error in density(nes$bigbiz, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > > > Perhaps most usefully and definitely most attractively, let's use juxtaposed violin plots to compare how people feel about poor people to how they feel about people on welfare. Error: unexpected symbol in "Perhaps most" > > library(wvioplot) Error in library(wvioplot) : there is no package called ‘wvioplot’ > ## Loading required package: Hmisc > ## Loading required package: survival > ## Loading required package: splines > ## Hmisc library by Frank E Harrell Jr > ## > ## Type library(help='Hmisc'), ?Overview, or ?Hmisc.Overview') to see overall > ## documentation. > ## > ## NOTE:Hmisc no longer redefines [.factor to drop unused levels when > ## subsetting. To get the old behavior of Hmisc type dropUnusedLevels(). > ## Attaching package: 'Hmisc' > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:survival': > ## > ## untangle.specials > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:base': > ## > ## format.pval, round.POSIXt, trunc.POSIXt, units > par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) #these are graphical parameters for 1 row, 2 columns > wvioplot(nes$poorppl, col = "magenta", names = "Poor People") #violin plot Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > wvioplot(nes$welfareppl, col = "cyan", names = "People on Welfare") #violin plot Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > > > Now, let's explore the relationship between two variables. As an easy example, there are obvious reasons we might expect there to be a positive relationship between feelings toward Christians and Christian fundamentalists. If someone really likes Christians in general, they probably feel warmer toward Christian fundamentalists than those who have cold feelings toward Christians in general. We generate the correlation coefficient, r, with Error: unexpected ',' in "Now," > > cor(nes$christians, nes$cfundamentals, use = "complete.obs") Error in is.data.frame(y) : object 'nes' not found > ## [1] 0.5477 > We see there is a positive correlation, although it's not extremely strong. We have better tools for deciding what's a systematic relationship and what's just random noise, but the little r isn't one of them. All we can say is that, yea, sure, the variation of one variable moves somewhat in the same direction as the other variable… but we can't say too much more than that. Not yet… Error: unexpected symbol in "We see" > > Now we load the package “car”, which you'll need to install if you haven't already. This package let's us make a real fancy scatterplot to visualize the correlation. We'll learn more about what's going on here later… Error: unexpected symbol in "Now we" > > library(car) Error in library(car) : there is no package called ‘car’ > ## Warning: package 'car' was built under R version 2.15.1 > ## Loading required package: MASS > ## Loading required package: nnet > ## Attaching package: 'car' > ## The following object(s) are masked from 'package:Hmisc': > ## > ## recode > scatterplot(nes$christians, nes$cfundamentals) Error: could not find function "scatterplot" > > nes <- read.csv("anes2008.csv") Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection In addition: Warning message: In file(file, "rt") : cannot open file 'anes2008.csv': No such file or directory > ls() [1] "anes2008.1.csv" > summary(nes$age) Error in summary(nes$age) : object 'nes' not found > summary(nes$enviornmentalists) Error in summary(nes$enviornmentalists) : object 'nes' not found > sd(nes$enviornmentalists, na.rm = TRUE) Error in sd(nes$enviornmentalists, na.rm = TRUE) : object 'nes' not found > boxplot(nes$enviornmentalists) Error in boxplot(nes$enviornmentalists) : object 'nes' not found > library(wvioplot) Error in library(wvioplot) : there is no package called ‘wvioplot’ > par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) > > wvioplot(nes$blacks, col="magenta", names="Blacks") Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > wvioplot(nes$whiteppl., col="green", names="White People") Error: could not find function "wvioplot" > cor(nes$muslims, nes$atheists, use="complete.obs") Error in is.data.frame(y) : object 'nes' not found > install.packages("car") Installing package(s) into ‘/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/2.15/Resources/library’ (as ‘lib’ is unspecified) --- Please select a CRAN mirror for use in this session --- CRAN mirror 1: Argentina (La Plata) 2: Argentina (Mendoza) 3: Australia (Canberra) 4: Australia (Melbourne) 5: Austria 6: Belgium 7: Brazil (PR) 8: Brazil (RJ) 9: Brazil (SP 1) 10: Brazil (SP 2) 11: Canada (BC) 12: Canada (NS) 13: Canada (ON) 14: Canada (QC 1) 15: Canada (QC 2) 16: Chile 17: China (Beijing 1) 18: China (Beijing 2) 19: China (Beijing 3) 20: China (Guangzhou) 21: China (Hefei) 22: China (Xiamen) 23: Colombia (Bogota) 24: Colombia (Cali) 25: Denmark 26: Ecuador 27: France (Lyon 1) 28: France (Lyon 2) 29: Germany (Berlin) 30: Germany (Goettingen) 31: Greece 32: Hungary 33: India 34: Indonesia 35: Iran 36: Ireland 37: Italy (Milano) 38: Italy (Padua) 39: Italy (Palermo) 40: Japan (Hyogo) 41: Japan (Tsukuba) 42: Japan (Tokyo) 43: Korea 44: Latvia 45: Mexico (Mexico City) 46: Mexico (Texcoco) 47: Netherlands (Amsterdam) 48: Netherlands (Utrecht) 49: New Zealand 50: Norway 51: Philippines 52: Poland (Wroclaw) 53: Russia 54: Singapore 55: Slovakia 56: South Africa 57: Spain (Madrid) 58: Sweden 59: Switzerland 60: Taiwan (Taichung) 61: Taiwan (Taipei) 62: Thailand 63: UK (Bristol) 64: UK (London) 65: UK (St Andrews) 66: USA (CA 1) 67: USA (CA 2) 68: USA (IA) 69: USA (IN) 70: USA (KS) 71: USA (MI) 72: USA (MO) 73: USA (OH) 74: USA (OR) 75: USA (PA 1) 76: USA (PA 2) 77: USA (TN) 78: USA (TX 1) 79: USA (WA 1) 80: USA (WA 2) 81: Venezuela 82: Vietnam Selection: USA (PA 1) trying URL 'http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/bin/macosx/leopard/contrib/2.15/car_2.0-14.tgz' Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1049722 bytes (1.0 Mb) opened URL ================================================== downloaded 1.0 Mb The downloaded binary packages are in /var/folders/85/j33m9mj17232fjmnfh4tqpr40000gn/T//RtmpEQ9m9O/downloaded_packages > library(car) Loading required package: MASS Loading required package: nnet > scatterplot(nes$muslims, nes$atheists) Error in scatterplot(nes$muslims, nes$atheists) : object 'nes' not found